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collaborative design

  • 1 Collaborative Product Design

    Business: CPD

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Collaborative Product Design

  • 2 совместное проектирование

    1) Information technology: co-engineering, codesign

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > совместное проектирование

  • 3 colaboración

    f.
    1 collaboration, assistance, help, cooperation.
    2 contribution.
    * * *
    1 collaboration
    2 (prensa) contribution
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cooperación) collaboration
    2) [en periódico] [gen] contribution; (=artículo) article
    3) [de congreso] paper
    4) (=donativo) contribution
    * * *
    femenino collaboration

    en colaboración con alguien/algo — in collaboration with somebody/something

    * * *
    = collaboration, contribution, cooperation [co-operation], linkage, partnership, synergy, cooperative effort, partnering, fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], team effort, input, engagement.
    Ex. A work of shared responsibility is one where the work has arisen from collaboration between two or more persons or corporative bodies.
    Ex. The major difference is that a periodical index relates to a number of issues and to contributions from a number of different authors.
    Ex. Combined catalogues showing the resources available to a group of libraries have been a feature of library co-operation for many years.
    Ex. We have just stated that the linkage of varying titles and varying forms of entry have to be done on the same basis in an automated situation as in a manual situation.
    Ex. The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex. The homogeneity, competitiveness and resulting synergy of this market is fostering significant advances in the capability of smaller computers to manage large massess of data.
    Ex. Conservation problems are so many and so complex that only dedicated cooperative efforts can reverse the current rapid deterioration of library stocks.
    Ex. These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex. The traditional methods of marketing and selling on-line bibliographic data base services have revolved around fertilisation between the marketing and sales departments.
    Ex. The planning of the library represented a total team effort of librarian, architect, consultant, and interior designer.
    Ex. In order to stimulate international input, the IFLA Office for UBC invited catalogers in unrepresented countries to recommend revisions of the AACR and to comment on the potential of the second edition as an international code.
    Ex. Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    ----
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * autoría en colaboración = collaborative writing.
    * colaboración en equipo = collaborative teamwork.
    * colaboración en la investigación = cooperative research.
    * colaboración estrecha = close collaboration.
    * colaboracion interdisciplinar = interdisciplinary collaboration.
    * colaboración perfecta = marriage made in heaven.
    * contar con la colaboración de = enjoy + cooperation with.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * diseñar en colaboración = co-design.
    * editar en colaboración = coedit [co-edit].
    * en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.
    * en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.
    * en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.
    * en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.
    * escribir en colaboración = co-write [cowrite].
    * establecer una colaboración = forge + collaboration.
    * financiar en colaboración = co-finance [cofinance].
    * investigación en colaboración = collaborative research.
    * organizar en colaboración = co-organise [co-organize, -USA].
    * patrocinar en colaboración con = co-host.
    * proyecto de colaboración = joint venture.
    * proyecto en colaboración = collaborative project.
    * trabajar en colaboración = team, interwork.
    * trabajar en colaboración (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajo en colaboración = interworking.
    * * *
    femenino collaboration

    en colaboración con alguien/algo — in collaboration with somebody/something

    * * *
    = collaboration, contribution, cooperation [co-operation], linkage, partnership, synergy, cooperative effort, partnering, fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], team effort, input, engagement.

    Ex: A work of shared responsibility is one where the work has arisen from collaboration between two or more persons or corporative bodies.

    Ex: The major difference is that a periodical index relates to a number of issues and to contributions from a number of different authors.
    Ex: Combined catalogues showing the resources available to a group of libraries have been a feature of library co-operation for many years.
    Ex: We have just stated that the linkage of varying titles and varying forms of entry have to be done on the same basis in an automated situation as in a manual situation.
    Ex: The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex: The homogeneity, competitiveness and resulting synergy of this market is fostering significant advances in the capability of smaller computers to manage large massess of data.
    Ex: Conservation problems are so many and so complex that only dedicated cooperative efforts can reverse the current rapid deterioration of library stocks.
    Ex: These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex: The traditional methods of marketing and selling on-line bibliographic data base services have revolved around fertilisation between the marketing and sales departments.
    Ex: The planning of the library represented a total team effort of librarian, architect, consultant, and interior designer.
    Ex: In order to stimulate international input, the IFLA Office for UBC invited catalogers in unrepresented countries to recommend revisions of the AACR and to comment on the potential of the second edition as an international code.
    Ex: Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * autoría en colaboración = collaborative writing.
    * colaboración en equipo = collaborative teamwork.
    * colaboración en la investigación = cooperative research.
    * colaboración estrecha = close collaboration.
    * colaboracion interdisciplinar = interdisciplinary collaboration.
    * colaboración perfecta = marriage made in heaven.
    * contar con la colaboración de = enjoy + cooperation with.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * diseñar en colaboración = co-design.
    * editar en colaboración = coedit [co-edit].
    * en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.
    * en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.
    * en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.
    * en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.
    * escribir en colaboración = co-write [cowrite].
    * establecer una colaboración = forge + collaboration.
    * financiar en colaboración = co-finance [cofinance].
    * investigación en colaboración = collaborative research.
    * organizar en colaboración = co-organise [co-organize, -USA].
    * patrocinar en colaboración con = co-host.
    * proyecto de colaboración = joint venture.
    * proyecto en colaboración = collaborative project.
    * trabajar en colaboración = team, interwork.
    * trabajar en colaboración (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajo en colaboración = interworking.

    * * *
    collaboration
    lo escribió en colaboración con dos colegas suyos he wrote it in collaboration with two of his colleagues
    cuento con su colaboración I am counting on your assistance o help
    * * *

     

    colaboración sustantivo femenino
    collaboration;
    ◊ en colaboración con algn/algo in collaboration with sb/sth

    colaboración sustantivo femenino
    1 (ayuda) collaboration
    2 Prensa contribution

    ' colaboración' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    concurso
    - entre
    - junta
    - junto
    - no
    - prestar
    - contribución
    - estrecho
    English:
    call on
    - collaboration
    - contribution
    - closely
    - cooperation
    - cooperative
    * * *
    1. [cooperación] collaboration;
    hacer algo en colaboración con alguien to do sth in collaboration with sb;
    necesito tu colaboración para escribir el artículo I need your help to write this article;
    fue acusado de colaboración con banda armada he was accused of collaborating with o helping a terrorist organization
    2. [de prensa] contribution, article
    * * *
    f collaboration
    * * *
    colaboración n cooperation

    Spanish-English dictionary > colaboración

  • 4 proyecto

    m.
    1 project.
    2 plan (plan).
    tener en proyecto hacer algo to be planning to do something
    4 draft.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: proyectar.
    * * *
    ■ ¿qué proyectos tenéis para el año próximo? what are your plans for next year?
    2 (plan) project
    \
    * * *
    noun m.
    project, plan, scheme
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=intención) plan
    2) (Téc) plan, design; (=idea) project
    3) (Econ) detailed estimate
    4) (Pol)
    5) (Univ)

    proyecto de fin de carrera, proyecto final de carrera — [práctico] final-year project; [teórico] final-year dissertation

    * * *
    a) ( plan) plan

    ¿que proyectos tienes para el próximo año? — what are your plans for next year?

    tiene varios trabajos/un viaje en proyecto — she has several projects in the pipeline/she's planning a trip

    b) ( trabajo) project
    c) (Arquit, Ing) plans and costing
    * * *
    = brief, effort, framework, initiative, plan, project, scheme, venture, blueprint, project work.
    Ex. The architect's brief specifies that every square metre that funds will allow should be allocated.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex. Plans were made to issue a concise version of AACR1, but these plans never came to fruition.
    Ex. Two major projects in this area have been conducted to date.
    Ex. There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.
    Ex. However rudimentary or advanced the system, and no matter what the age of the children involved, certain matters should be considered before setting out on the venture.
    Ex. In his book on the subject Hopkins lists and describes more than 600 such policy blueprints prepared by the Commission during the period 1958-1978.
    Ex. For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    ----
    * convocatoria de presentación de proyectos = call for projects, project plan, call for proposals.
    * CRISP (Recuperación Automatizada de Información sobre Proyectos Científicos) = CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects).
    * desarrollar un proyecto = develop + project.
    * embarcarse en un proyecto = embark on + venture, embark on + project.
    * emprender un proyecto = undertake + project.
    * en proyecto = in the pipeline.
    * gestión mediante proyectos = project management.
    * grupo del proyecto = project team.
    * informe sobre el avance de un proyecto = progress report.
    * iniciar un proyecto = launch + effort.
    * llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.
    * memoria de un proyecto = project report.
    * plazo de presentación de proyectos = call for proposals.
    * poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.
    * presentación de un proyecto de manera convincente = business case.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * promover un proyecto = launch + project, launch + effort.
    * propuesta de proyecto = project proposal.
    * propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.
    * proyecto artístico = art project.
    * proyecto comercial = marketing project.
    * proyecto común = joint venture.
    * proyecto conjunto = cooperative venture, joint project.
    * Proyecto Cooperativo de Mecanización de las Bibliotecas de Birmingham (BLCMP = Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project (BLCMP).
    * proyecto de ampliación = addition project.
    * proyecto de automatización = automation project.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * proyecto de colaboración = joint venture.
    * proyecto de construcción = construction project.
    * proyecto de conversión = conversion project.
    * proyecto de digitalización = electronic project [e-project], digitisation project.
    * proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.
    * proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.
    * proyecto de marketing = marketing project.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * proyecto de renovación = renovation project.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * proyecto educativo = education project.
    * proyecto empresarial = business venture.
    * proyecto en colaboración = collaborative project.
    * proyecto en común = joint effort.
    * proyecto en curso = work in progress.
    * proyecto experimental = experimental project.
    * proyecto favorito = pet project.
    * Proyecto Nacional de Lectura Optica de Textos de Agricultura (NATDP) = National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP).
    * proyecto original = brain child [brainchild].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * proyecto piloto = pilot project, trial project, pilot scheme.
    * Proyecto sobre Metadatos del Dublin Core = Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI).
    * realizar un proyecto = conduct + project, undertake + project.
    * * *
    a) ( plan) plan

    ¿que proyectos tienes para el próximo año? — what are your plans for next year?

    tiene varios trabajos/un viaje en proyecto — she has several projects in the pipeline/she's planning a trip

    b) ( trabajo) project
    c) (Arquit, Ing) plans and costing
    * * *
    = brief, effort, framework, initiative, plan, project, scheme, venture, blueprint, project work.

    Ex: The architect's brief specifies that every square metre that funds will allow should be allocated.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex: Plans were made to issue a concise version of AACR1, but these plans never came to fruition.
    Ex: Two major projects in this area have been conducted to date.
    Ex: There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.
    Ex: However rudimentary or advanced the system, and no matter what the age of the children involved, certain matters should be considered before setting out on the venture.
    Ex: In his book on the subject Hopkins lists and describes more than 600 such policy blueprints prepared by the Commission during the period 1958-1978.
    Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    * convocatoria de presentación de proyectos = call for projects, project plan, call for proposals.
    * CRISP (Recuperación Automatizada de Información sobre Proyectos Científicos) = CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects).
    * desarrollar un proyecto = develop + project.
    * embarcarse en un proyecto = embark on + venture, embark on + project.
    * emprender un proyecto = undertake + project.
    * en proyecto = in the pipeline.
    * gestión mediante proyectos = project management.
    * grupo del proyecto = project team.
    * informe sobre el avance de un proyecto = progress report.
    * iniciar un proyecto = launch + effort.
    * llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.
    * memoria de un proyecto = project report.
    * plazo de presentación de proyectos = call for proposals.
    * poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.
    * presentación de un proyecto de manera convincente = business case.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * promover un proyecto = launch + project, launch + effort.
    * propuesta de proyecto = project proposal.
    * propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.
    * proyecto artístico = art project.
    * proyecto comercial = marketing project.
    * proyecto común = joint venture.
    * proyecto conjunto = cooperative venture, joint project.
    * Proyecto Cooperativo de Mecanización de las Bibliotecas de Birmingham (BLCMP = Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project (BLCMP).
    * proyecto de ampliación = addition project.
    * proyecto de automatización = automation project.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * proyecto de colaboración = joint venture.
    * proyecto de construcción = construction project.
    * proyecto de conversión = conversion project.
    * proyecto de digitalización = electronic project [e-project], digitisation project.
    * proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.
    * proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.
    * proyecto de marketing = marketing project.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * proyecto de renovación = renovation project.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * proyecto educativo = education project.
    * proyecto empresarial = business venture.
    * proyecto en colaboración = collaborative project.
    * proyecto en común = joint effort.
    * proyecto en curso = work in progress.
    * proyecto experimental = experimental project.
    * proyecto favorito = pet project.
    * Proyecto Nacional de Lectura Optica de Textos de Agricultura (NATDP) = National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP).
    * proyecto original = brain child [brainchild].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * proyecto piloto = pilot project, trial project, pilot scheme.
    * Proyecto sobre Metadatos del Dublin Core = Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI).
    * realizar un proyecto = conduct + project, undertake + project.

    * * *
    1 (plan) plan
    tiene el proyecto de formar su propia empresa he plans to set up his own business
    es un proyecto muy ambicioso it is a very ambitious project o plan
    tienen en proyecto publicarlo en marzo they plan to publish it in March
    tiene varios trabajos en proyecto she has several projects in the pipeline
    todo se quedó en proyecto it never got beyond the planning stage
    2 (diseño) plan, design
    3 ( Arquit, Ing) plans and costings (pl)
    Compuesto:
    bill
    * * *

     

    Del verbo proyectar: ( conjugate proyectar)

    proyecto es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    proyectó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    proyectar    
    proyecto    
    proyectó
    proyectar ( conjugate proyectar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( planear) to plan;

    2

    ‹ diapositivas› to project, show
    b) ‹ sombra› to cast;

    ‹ luz› to throw, project
    proyecto sustantivo masculino
    a) ( plan) plan;

    ◊ ¿qué proyectos tienes para el próximo año? what are your plans for next year?;

    tiene un viaje en proyecto she's planning a trip;
    proyecto de ley bill

    c) (Arquit, Ing) plans and costing

    proyectar verbo transitivo
    1 (luz) to project, throw: estos focos proyectan una luz intensa, these spotlights are very intense
    (una sombra, silueta) to cast: mi mano proyecta su sombra sobre la pared, my hand casts a shadow on the wall
    2 (un chorro, etc) to send out, give out [hacia, at]
    3 (una película) to show
    4 (una casa, un edificio) to design
    5 (planear) to plan
    proyecto sustantivo masculino
    1 (idea) plan
    tener algo en proyecto, to be planning sthg
    2 (de trabajo) project
    director de proyecto, project manager
    3 (escrito, dibujo) designs
    4 (de una ley) bill
    ' proyecto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - abandonar
    - abandono
    - acariciar
    - accionariado
    - acoger
    - acogida
    - aire
    - anquilosar
    - anticipo
    - aprovechar
    - bosquejo
    - capitanear
    - cobrar
    - compilación
    - cumplir
    - definida
    - definido
    - desarrollar
    - desechar
    - distinguirse
    - duda
    - elaborar
    - elaboración
    - empresa
    - encantada
    - encantado
    - encarrilar
    - esbozar
    - esperanza
    - exposición
    - fastidiar
    - frustrada
    - frustrado
    - idea
    - impracticable
    - ley
    - mantilla
    - naufragar
    - obra
    - opositor
    - opositora
    - paralizarse
    - pero
    - pincelada
    - programa
    - rasgo
    - realizarse
    - recta
    - renunciar
    English:
    abandon
    - adjourn
    - agree
    - air
    - alter
    - alteration
    - back out
    - bill
    - canvass
    - carry out
    - carry through
    - chart
    - clearance
    - crop up
    - done
    - ecological
    - estimate
    - explain
    - forge
    - formulate
    - go-ahead
    - grant
    - groundwork
    - implement
    - inaugurate
    - inauguration
    - ingenuity
    - large-scale
    - level with
    - mad
    - minimal
    - pilot scheme
    - prodigious
    - progress
    - project
    - proposal
    - scheme
    - set aside
    - shelve
    - show
    - sink
    - sketch
    - small-scale
    - think through
    - time limit
    - unstuck
    - wisdom
    - argue
    - driving
    - go
    * * *
    1. [plan] plan;
    tener en proyecto hacer algo to be planning to do sth;
    tengo el proyecto de viajar cuando me jubile I'm planning to travel when I retire
    2. [programa] project;
    un proyecto de investigación a research project
    Proyecto Genoma Humano Human Genome Project
    3. [diseño] [de edificio] design;
    [de pieza, maquinaria] plan
    4. [borrador] draft
    proyecto de ley bill
    5. Educ proyecto (de) fin de carrera final project [completed after the end of architecture or engineering degree];
    proyecto de investigación [de un grupo] research project;
    [de una persona] dissertation
    * * *
    m
    1 ( plan) plan;
    2 trabajo project
    * * *
    1) : plan, project
    2)
    * * *
    1. (trabajo) project
    2. (propósito) plan

    Spanish-English dictionary > proyecto

  • 5 generador

    adj.
    generating.
    m.
    generator, power unit.
    * * *
    1 generating
    1 (máquina) generator
    ————————
    1 (máquina) generator
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1.
    2.

    generador de programas — (Inform) program generator

    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo
    II
    masculino generator
    * * *
    = generator, begetter, power unit, power generator, electrical generator.
    Ex. Alternatively, the librarian may wish to purchase one of the wide range of products that other processors or generators may be stripping from the tape.
    Ex. Citing authors' names in references can cause great difficulties, as ghosts, subterfuges, and collaborative teamwork may often obscure the true begetters of published works.
    Ex. If power units are underloaded, they will operate inefficiently, wasting fuel or electric power.
    Ex. Some cabin cruisers are equipped with heating, air conditioning, and power generators.
    Ex. This paper describes the design of a new diesel-powered air compressor and electrical generator for aircraft ground support.
    ----
    * generador de energía eléctrica = power generator, power unit, electrical generator.
    * generador de energía solar = solar energy generator.
    * generador de ingresos = income-generating, revenue-earning, revenue-making, revenue-generating, revenue earner, profit-generating, profit-making.
    * generador eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.
    * generador eólico = wind generator.
    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo
    II
    masculino generator
    * * *
    = generator, begetter, power unit, power generator, electrical generator.

    Ex: Alternatively, the librarian may wish to purchase one of the wide range of products that other processors or generators may be stripping from the tape.

    Ex: Citing authors' names in references can cause great difficulties, as ghosts, subterfuges, and collaborative teamwork may often obscure the true begetters of published works.
    Ex: If power units are underloaded, they will operate inefficiently, wasting fuel or electric power.
    Ex: Some cabin cruisers are equipped with heating, air conditioning, and power generators.
    Ex: This paper describes the design of a new diesel-powered air compressor and electrical generator for aircraft ground support.
    * generador de energía eléctrica = power generator, power unit, electrical generator.
    * generador de energía solar = solar energy generator.
    * generador de ingresos = income-generating, revenue-earning, revenue-making, revenue-generating, revenue earner, profit-generating, profit-making.
    * generador eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.
    * generador eólico = wind generator.

    * * *
    un plan generador de empleo a plan which will generate o create employment
    generator
    Compuestos:
    wave machine
    wind turbine
    hydraulic generator
    solar generator
    * * *

    generador sustantivo masculino
    generator
    generador
    I sustantivo masculino generator
    II adjetivo generating: es uno de los problemas generadores de tensiones, this type of problem leads to conflict
    ' generador' also found in these entries:
    English:
    generator
    - RPG
    - standby generator
    * * *
    generador, -ora
    ♦ adj
    generating
    ♦ nm
    Elec generator generador eléctrico electric generator;
    generador eólico wind turbine
    * * *
    I adj
    :
    ser generador de algo generate sth
    II m EL generator
    * * *
    : generator
    * * *
    generador n generator

    Spanish-English dictionary > generador

  • 6 Gropius, Walter Adolf

    [br]
    b. 18 May 1883 Berlin, Germany
    d. 5 July 1969 Boston, USA
    [br]
    German co-founder of the modern movement of architecture.
    [br]
    A year after he began practice as an architect, Gropius was responsible for the pace-setting Fagus shoe-last factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany, one of the few of his buildings to survive the Second World War. Today the building does not appear unusual, but in 1911 it was a revolutionary prototype, heralding the glass curtain walled method of non-load-bearing cladding that later became ubiquitous. Made from glass, steel and reinforced concrete, this factory initiated a new concept, that of the International school of modern architecture.
    In 1919 Gropius was appointed to head the new School of Art and Design at Weimar, the Staatliches Bauhaus. The school had been formed by an amalgamation of the Grand Ducal schools of fine and applied arts founded in 1906. Here Gropius put into practice his strongly held views and he was so successful that this small college, which trained only a few hundred students in the limited years of its existence, became world famous, attracting artists, architects and students of quality from all over Europe.
    Gropius's idea was to set up an institution where students of all the arts and crafts could work together and learn from one another. He abhorred the artificial barriers that had come to exist between artists and craftsmen and saw them all as interdependent. He felt that manual dexterity was as essential as creative design. Every Bauhaus student, whatever the individual's field of work or talent, took the same original workshop training. When qualified they were able to understand and supervise all the aesthetic and constructional processes that made up the scope of their work.
    In 1924, because of political changes, the Weimar Bauhaus was closed, but Gropius was invited to go to Dessau to re-establish it in a new purpose-built school which he designed. This group of buildings became a prototype that designers of the new architectural form emulated. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928, only a few years before it was finally closed due to the growth of National Socialism. He moved to England in 1934, but because of a lack of architectural opportunities and encouragement he continued on his way to the USA, where he headed the Department of Architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design from 1937 to 1952. After his retirement from there Gropius formed the Architect's Collaborative and, working with other architects such as Marcel Breuer and Pietro Belluschi, designed a number of buildings (for example, the US Embassy in Athens (1960) and the Pan Am Building in New York (1963)).
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1984, Scope of Total Architecture, Allen \& Unwin.
    Further Reading
    N.Pevsner, 1936, Pioneers of the Modern Movement: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin.
    C.Jenck, 1973, Modern Movements in Architecture, Penguin.
    H.Probst and C.Shädlich, 1988, Walter Gropius, Berlin: Ernst \& Son.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Gropius, Walter Adolf

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